Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) is often regarded as one of the most revolutionary thinkers in Western philosophy, blending elements of Jewish intellectual traditions with radical ideas that challenged both religious orthodoxy and scientific thought.
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John Duns Scotus (1266-1308), a Christian philosopher and theologian from Scotland, stands as one of the most influential and original thinkers of the High Middle Ages.
Known as the "Subtle Doctor" due to his complex and nuanced arguments, Scotus made pioneering contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, and theology.
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Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is one of the most influential figures in the history of philosophy.
His groundbreaking work reshaped the landscape of philosophy, bridging the gap between the empiricism of thinkers like John Locke and the rationalism of René Descartes.
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Modern Philosophy developed a secular and rational method and moved away from the traditional structure, such as, the authority of religious scriptures.
Rationalists argued that all knowledge begin from certain innate ideas.
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